That is the second article in a collection deep diving into particular person covenant proposals which have reached some extent of maturity meriting an in-depth breakdown.
CHECKSIGFROMSTACK (CSFS), put ahead by Brandon Black and Jeremy Rubin with BIP 348, just isn’t a covenant. As I mentioned within the introductory article to this collection, a few of the proposals I might be overlaying aren’t covenants, however synergize or interrelate with them in a roundabout way. CSFS is the primary instance of that.
CSFS is a quite simple opcode, however earlier than we undergo the way it works let’s have a look at the fundamentals of how a Bitcoin script truly works.
Script is a stack primarily based language. That signifies that information is “stacked” collectively on prime of one another on the stack, and operated on by eradicating an merchandise from the highest of the stack to function on primarily based on what an opcode does, both returning the information or a end result from it to the highest of the stack.
There are two elements of a script when it’s finally executed and verified, the “witness” offered to unlock the script, and the script included within the output being spent. The witness/unlocking script is “added” to the left aspect of the locking script, after which every factor is added to (or operates on) the stack one after the other left to proper. Take a look at this instance (the “|” marks the boundary between the witness and script):
1 2 | OP_ADD 3 OP_EQUAL
This instance script provides the worth “1” to the stack, then the worth “2” on prime of that. OP_ADD takes the highest two parts of the stack and provides them collectively, placing the end result again on to the stack (so now all that’s on the stack is “3”). One other “3” is then added to the stack. The final merchandise, OP_EQUAL, takes the highest two objects of the stack and returns a “1” to the stack (1 and 0 can symbolize True or False in addition to numbers).
A script should finish with the final merchandise on the highest of the stack being True, in any other case the script (and transaction executing it) fails and is taken into account consensus invalid.
This can be a primary instance of a pay-to-pubkey-hash (P2PKH) script, i.e. the legacy addresses that begin with a “1”:
| DUP HASH160 EQUALVERIFY CHECKSIG
First the signature and the general public key are added to the stack. Then DUP is known as, which takes the highest stack merchandise and duplicates it, returning it to the highest of the stack. HASH160 takes the highest stack merchandise (the general public key duplicate), hashes it, then returns it to the highest of the stack. The general public key hash from the script is placed on prime of the stack. EQUALVERIFY features the identical as EQUAL, it grabs the 2 prime stack objects and returns a 1 or 0 primarily based on the result. The one distinction is EQUALVERIFY additionally runs VERIFY after EQUAL, which fails the transaction if the highest stack merchandise just isn’t 1, and in addition removes the highest stack merchandise. Lastly CHECKSIG is run, which grabs the highest two stack objects assuming them to be a signature and a pubkey, and verifies the signature implicitly in opposition to the hash of the transaction being verified. Whether it is legitimate it places a 1 on prime of the stack.
How CSFS Works
CHECKSIG is among the most used opcodes in Bitcoin. Each transaction, with virtually no exceptions, makes use of this opcode in some unspecified time in the future in considered one of its scripts. Signature verification is a foundational part of the Bitcoin protocol. The issue is, there may be virtually no flexibility by way of what message you might be checking the signature in opposition to. CHECKSIG will solely confirm a signature in opposition to the transaction being verified. There may be some flexibility, i.e. you’ll be able to resolve with a point of freedom what elements of the transaction the signature applies to, however that’s it.
CSFS goals to alter this by permitting a signature to be verified in opposition to any arbitrary message that’s pushed instantly onto the stack, as an alternative of being restricted to the verification of signatures in opposition to the transaction itself. The opcode follows a really primary operational construction:
| CSFS
The signature and message are dropped on prime of the stack, then the general public key on prime of them, and at last CSFS grabs the highest three objects from the stack assuming them to be the general public key, message, and signature from prime to backside, verifying the signature in opposition to the message. If the signature is legitimate, a 1 is positioned on the stack.
That’s it. A easy variant of CHECKSIG that lets customers specify arbitrary messages as an alternative of simply the spending transaction.
What Is CSFS Helpful For
So what precisely is that this good for? What’s the usage of checking a signature in opposition to an arbitrary message on the stack as an alternative of in opposition to the spending transaction?
Firstly, together with CTV it might probably present a performance equal to one thing that Lightning builders have wished because the very starting, floating signatures that may connect to completely different transactions. This was initially proposed as a brand new sighash flag for signatures (the sphere that dictates what elements of a transaction a signature applies to). This was wanted as a result of a transaction signature covers the transaction ID of the transaction that created the output being spent. This implies a signature is barely legitimate for a transaction spending that precise output.
This can be a desired conduct for Lightning as a result of it will permit us to put off channel penalties. Each previous Lightning state wants a penalty key and transaction to be able to be sure that your channel counterparty by no means makes use of any of them to attempt to declare funds they don’t personal. If they struggle you’ll be able to declare all their cash. A superior performance can be one thing that lets you merely “connect” the present state transaction to any earlier one to cease the theft try by distributing funds accurately versus confiscating them.
This may be completed with a primary script that takes a CTV hash and a signature over it that’s checked utilizing CSFS. This is able to permit any transaction hash signed by that CSFS key to spend any output that’s created with this script.
One other helpful function is delegation of management of a UTXO. The identical method that any CTV hash signed by a CSFS key can validly spend a UTXO with a script designed for that, different variables will be handed into the script to be checked in opposition to, similar to a brand new public key. A script might be constructed that enables a CSFS key to log off on any public key, which then might be validated utilizing CSFS and used for a standard CHECKSIG validation. This is able to help you delegate the power to spend a UTXO to anybody else with out having to maneuver it on-chain.
Lastly, together with CAT, CSFS can be utilized to compose way more complicated introspection performance. As we are going to see later within the collection although, CSFS just isn’t truly required to emulate any of this extra superior conduct, as CAT alone is in a position to take action.
Closing Ideas
CSFS is a really primary opcode that along with providing easy helpful performance in its personal proper composes very properly with even the most straightforward covenant opcodes to create very helpful performance. Whereas the instance above concerning floating signatures particularly references the Lightning Community, floating signatures are a typically helpful primitive which might be relevant to any protocol constructed on Bitcoin making use of pre-signed transactions.
Along with floating signatures, script delegation is a really helpful primitive that generalizes far past delegating management over a UTXO to a brand new public key. The identical primary capability to “sideload” variables after the actual fact right into a script validation circulate can apply to something, not simply public keys. Timelock values, hashlock preimages, and many others. Any script that hardcodes a variable to confirm in opposition to can now have these values dynamically added after the actual fact.
On prime of that, CSFS is a really mature proposal. It has an implementation that has been reside on the Liquid Community and Parts (the codebase Liquid makes use of) since 2016. As well as Bitcoin Money has had a model of it since 2018.
CSFS is a really mature proposal that goes again conceptually virtually so long as I’ve been on this area, with a number of mature implementations, and really clear use instances it may be utilized to.
